Abstract
Masculine norms influence internalizing problems in men. The processes that explain this association are not yet comprehensively understood. However, there exists a compelling argument to highlight the role of emotional functioning in explaining how conformity to the traditional Western conceptualization of masculine norms confers risk for internalizing problems. This study links three theoretical frameworks (the normative male alexithymia hypothesis, the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia, and the extended process model of emotion regulation) and provides a statistical test of this integrated model using survey data obtained from 740 cisgender men (~ 54% residing in the USA; ~46% in the UK). The results provided support for this integrated model, identifying certain masculine norms that are particularly salient in relation to alexithymia, emotion regulation, and internalizing symptoms. The masculine norms of emotional control, self-reliance, and primacy of work were significantly and moderately associated with internalizing symptoms via their sequential associations with alexithymia and emotion regulation difficulties. Several norms were also directly related to emotion regulation difficulties and internalizing symptoms. These findings highlight the critical role of emotional functioning (alexithymia and emotion regulation) in understanding how masculine norm conformity confers risk for internalizing problems in men. This integrative model presents novel opportunities to understand and enhance initiatives aimed at improving emotional functioning and mental health in men.
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-025-01615-0